Big Data Analytics and Machine Intelligence in Biomedical and Health Informatics

BIG DATA ANALYTICS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE IN BIOMEDICAL AND HEALTH INFORMATICS

PROVIDES COVERAGE OF DEVELOPMENTS AND STATE-OF-THE-ART METHODS IN THE BROAD AND DIVERSIFIED DATA ANALYTICS FIELD AND APPLICABLE AREAS SUCH AS BIG DATA ANALYTICS, DATA MINING, AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE IN BIOMEDICAL AND HEALTH INFORMATICS.The novel applications of Big Data Analytics and machine intelligence in the biomedical and healthcare sector is an emerging field comprising computer science, medicine, biology, natural environmental engineering, and pattern recognition. Biomedical and health informatics is a new era that brings tremendous opportunities and challenges due to the plentifully available biomedical data and the aim is to ensure high-quality and efficient healthcare by analyzing the data. The 12 chapters in??Big Data Analytics and Machine Intelligence in Biomedical and Health Informatics??cover the latest advances and developments in health informatics, data mining, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. They have been organized with respect to the similarity of topics addressed, ranging from issues pertaining to the Internet of Things (IoT) for biomedical engineering and health informatics, computational intelligence for medical data processing, and Internet of Medical Things??(IoMT). New researchers and practitioners working in the field will benefit from reading the book as they can quickly ascertain the best performing methods and compare the different approaches. AUDIENCEResearchers and practitioners working in the fields of biomedicine, health informatics, big data analytics, Internet of Things, and machine learning. SUNIL KUMAR DHAL, PHD, is a computer scientist and is Head of Department and professor in the Faculty of Management, Sri Sri University, India. He has more than 20 years of teaching experience with more than 60 international publications including eight books and two patents.

SUBHENDU KUMAR PANI, PHD, is a professor in the Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Orissa Engineering College (OEC) Bhubaneswar, India. He has more than 15 years of teaching and research experience and has published more than 50 international journal articles as well as five authored books, 12 edited books, and eight patents. SRINIVAS PRASAD, PHD, is a professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India. He has more than 20 years of teaching experience and published more than 60 publications which include journal articles, conference papers, edited volumes, and book chapters. SUDHIR KUMAR MOHAPATRA, PHD, is an associate professor at Addis Ababa Science & Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Besides 10 years of teaching and research, he spent five years in software development in the banking and education domains. Preface xiii

1 AN INTRODUCTION TO BIG DATA ANALYTICS TECHNIQUES IN HEALTHCARE 1

Anil Audumbar Pise

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Big Data in Healthcare 3

1.3 Areas of Big Data Analytics in Medicine 5

1.4 Healthcare as a Big Data Repository 9

1.5 Applications of Healthcare Big Data 10

1.6 Challenges in Big Data Analytics 16

1.7 Big Data Privacy and Security 17

1.8 Conclusion 18

1.9 Future Work 18

2 IDENTIFY DETERMINANTS OF INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY BASED USING MACHINE LEARNING: CASE STUDY ON ETHIOPIA 21

Sudhir Kumar Mohapatra, Srinivas Prasad, Getachew Mekuria Habtemariam and Mohammed Siddique

2.1 Introduction 22

2.2 Literature Review 23

2.3 Methodology and Data Source 25

2.4 Implementation and Results 28

2.5 Conclusion 44

3 PRE-TRAINED CNN MODELS IN EARLY ALZHEIMER'S PREDICTION USING POST-PROCESSED MRI 47

Kalyani Gunda and Pradeepini Gera

3.1 Introduction 48

3.2 Experimental Study 51

3.3 Data Exploration 55

3.4 OASIS Dataset Pre-Processing 61

3.5 Alzheimer's 4-Class-MRI Features Extraction 69

3.6 Alzheimer 4-Class MRI Image Dataset 69

3.7 RMSProp (Root Mean Square Propagation) 80

3.8 Activation Function 81

3.9 Batch Normalization 81

3.10 Dropout 81

3.11 Result--I 82

3.12 Conclusion and Future Work 89

4 ROBUST SEGMENTATION ALGORITHMS FOR RETINAL BLOOD VESSELS, OPTIC DISC, AND OPTIC CUP OF RETINAL IMAGES IN MEDICAL IMAGING 97

Birendra Biswal, Raveendra T., Dwiti Krishna Bebarta, Geetha Pavani P. and P.K. Biswal

4.1 Introduction 98

4.2 Basics of Proposed Methods 100

4.3 Experimental Results and Discussion 107

4.4 Conclusion 115

5 ANALYSIS OF HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS USING COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES 119

Hemanta Kumar Bhuyan and Subhendu Kumar Pani

5.1 Introduction 120

5.2 AI & ML Analysis in Health Systems 124

5.3 Healthcare Intellectual Approaches 127

5.4 Precision Approaches to Medicine 133

5.5 Methodology of AI, ML With Healthcare Examples 134

5.6 Big Analytic Data Tools 136

5.7 Discussion 141

5.8 Conclusion 142

6 EXPERT SYSTEMS IN BEHAVIORAL AND MENTAL HEALTHCARE: APPLICATIONS OF AI IN DECISION-MAKING AND CONSULTANCY 147

Shrikaant Kulkarni

6.1 Introduction 148

6.2 AI Methods 149

6.3 Turing Test 156

6.4 Barriers to Technologies 157

6.5 Advantages of AI for Behavioral & Mental Healthcare 157

6.6 Enhanced Self-Care & Access to Care 158

6.7 Other Considerations 160

6.8 Expert Systems in Mental & Behavioral Healthcare 161

6.9 Dynamical Approaches to Clinical AI and Expert Systems 165

6.10 Conclusion 173

6.11 Future Prospects 175

7 A MATHEMATICAL-BASED EPIDEMIC MODEL TO PREVENT AND CONTROL OUTBREAK OF CORONA VIRUS 2019 (COVID-19) 187

Shanmuk Srinivas Amiripalli, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy Kollu, Ritika Prasad and Mukkamala S.N.V. Jitendra

7.1 Introduction 188

7.2 Related Work 189

7.3 Proposed Frameworks 190

7.4 Results and Discussion 194

7.5 Conclusion 201

8 AN ACCESS AUTHORIZATION MECHANISM FOR ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS OF BLOCKCHAIN TO SHEATHE FRAGILE INFORMATION 205

Sowjanya Naidu K. and Srinivasa L. Chakravarthy

8.1 Introduction 206

8.2 Related Work 212

8.3 Need for Blockchain in Healthcare 216

8.4 Proposed Frameworks 219

8.5 Use Cases 223

8.6 Discussions 229

8.7 Challenges and Limitations 231

8.8 Future Work 231

8.9 Conclusion 232

9 AN EPIDEMIC GRAPH'S MODELING APPLICATION TO THE COVID-19 OUTBREAK 237

Hemanta Kumar Bhuyan and Subhendu Kumar Pani

9.1 Introduction 237

9.2 Related Work 239

9.3 Theoretical Approaches 240

9.4 Frameworks 243

9.5 Evaluation of COVID-19 Outbreak 246

9.6 Conclusions and Future Works 250

10 BIG DATA AND DATA MINING IN E-HEALTH: LEGAL ISSUES AND CHALLENGES 257

Amita Verma and Arpit Bansal

Object of Study 257

10.1 Introduction 258

10.2 Big Data and Data Mining in e-Health 260

10.3 Big Data and e-Health in India 262

10.4 Legal Issues Arising Out of Big Data and Data Mining in e-Health 263

10.5 Big Data and Issues of Privacy in e-Health 271

10.6 Conclusion and Suggestions 272

11 BASIC SCIENTIFIC AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 275

Manna Sheela Rani Chetty and Kiran Babu C. V.

11.1 Introduction 275

11.2 Case Study-1: Continual Learning Using ML for Clinical pplications 283

11.3 Case Study-2 286

11.4 Case Study-3: ML Will Improve the Radiology Patient Experience 289

11.5 Case Study-4: Medical Imaging AI with Transition from Academic Research to Commercialization 292

11.6 Case Study-5: ML will Benefit All Medical Imaging 'ologies' 295

11.7 Case Study-6: Health Providers will Leverage Data Hubs to Unlock the Value of Their Data 298

11.8 Conclusion 300

12 HEALTHCARE BRANDING THROUGH SERVICE QUALITY 305

Saraju Prasad and Sunil Dhal

12.1 Introduction to Healthcare 305

12.2 Quality in Healthcare 307

12.3 Service Quality 311

12.4 Conclusion and Road Ahead 315

References 316

Index 321