Arduino Software Internals

It’s not enough to just build your Arduino projects; it’s time to actually learn how things work! This book will take you through not only how to use the Arduino software and hardware, but more importantly show you how it all works and how the software relates to the hardware.

Arduino Software Internals takes a detailed dive into the Arduino environment. We’ll cover the Arduino language, hardware features, and how makers can finally ease themselves away from the hand holding of the Arduino environment and move towards coding in plain AVR C++ and talk to the microcontroller in its native language.

What You’ll Learn:

* How the Arduino Language interfaces with the hardware, as well as how it actually works in C++;
* How the compilation system works, and how kit can be altered to suit personal requirements;
* A small amount of AVR Assembly Language;
* Exactly how to set up and use the various hardware features of the AVR without needing to try and decode the data sheets – which are often bug ridden and unclear;
* Alternatives to the Arduino IDE which might give them a better workflow;
* How to build their own Arduino clone from scratch.

Who This Book Is For:

No expertise is required for this book! All you need is an interest in learning about what you’re making with Arduinos and how they work. This book is also useful for those looking to understand the AVR microcontroller used in the Arduino boards. In other words, all Makers are welcome! Norman Dunbar is an Oracle Database Administrator. Norman has had a long running relationship with Electronics since childhood and computers since the late 1970s, and the Arduino was a perfect marriage of the two interests. With a love of learning new things, examining and explaining the Arduino Language and the hardware became a bit of a hobby, and as piles of notes expanded, Norman has now decided to publish his work.

1. Introduction

1.1. Arduino Installation Paths

1.2. Coding Style

1.3. The Arduino Language

1.4. Coming Up

Part 1 - Arduino Compilation

2. Preferences.txt

2.1. Using an ICSP For All Uploads

2.2. Change the Action of Home and End Keys

2.3. Setting Tab Stops

3. Globally Defined Paths

4. Boards.Txt

4.1. Arduino Uno Example

5. Platform.txt

5.1. Build Recipes5.2. Pre and Post Build Hooks

6. Programmers.txt

7. Compiling a Sketch

7.1. Arduino Sketch (*.ino) Preprocessing

7.2. Arduino Sketch (*.ino) Build

8. The Arduino main() Function

9. Header File Arduino.h

9.1. Header File avr\pgmspace.h

9.2. Header File avr\io.h

9.3. Header File avr\interrupt.h

9.4. Header File binary.h

9.5. Header File WCharacter.h

9.6. Header File WString.h

9.7. Header File HardwareSerial.h

9.8. Header File USBAPI.h

9.9. Header File pins_arduino.h

10. The init() Function

10.1. Enabling the Global Interrupt Flag

10.2. Enabling Timer 0

10.3. Timer 0 Overflow Interrupt

10.4. Enabling Timer 1 and Timer 2

10.5. Initialising the Analogue to Digital Converter

10.6. Disabling the USART

Part 2 - Arduino Language Reference

11. Digital Input/Output

11.1. Function pinMode()

11.2. Function digitalRead()

11.3. Function digitalWrite()

12. Analogue Input/Output12.1. Function analogReference()

12.2. Function analogRead()

12.3. Function analogWrite()

13. Advanced Input/Output

13.1. Function tone()

13.2. Function noTone()

13.3. Function pulseIn()

13.4. Function pulseInLong()

13.5. Function shiftIn()

13.6. Function shiftOut()

14. Time

14.1. Function delay()

14.2. Function delayMicroseconds()

14.3. Function micros()

14.4. Function millis()

15. Interrupts

15.1. Function interrupts()

15.2. Function noInterrupts()

15.3. Function attachInterrupt()

15.4. Function detachInterrupt()

16. Bits and Bobs

16.1. Function bit()

16.2. Function bitClear()

16.3. Function bitRead()

16.4. Function bitSet()

16.5. Function bitWrite()

16.6. Function highByte()

16.7. Function lowByte()

16.8. Function sbi()

16.9. Function cbi()17. Arduino Classes

17.1. The Print Class

17.2. The Printable Class

17.3. The Stream Class

17.4. The HardwareSerial Class

17.5. The String Class

Part 3 - Converting to the AVR Language

18. Introduction

19. Numbering Systems.

19.1. Decimal Numbering

19.2. Binary Numbering

19.3. Hexadecimal Numbering

20. Binary Logical Operations

20.1. NOT

20.2. AND

20.3. OR

20.4. XOR

21. Using the Arduino IDE

21.1. Replacing pinMode()

21.2. Replacing digitalWrite()

21.3. Replacing digitalRead()

Part 4 - Alternatives to the Arduino IDE

22. PlatformIO22.1. Installing PlatformIO Core

22.2. Testing PlatformIO Core

22.3. PlatformIO in an IDE

22.4. PlatformIO Home

23. Arduino Command Line

23.1. Obtaining the Arduino-CLI

23.2. Installing

23.3. Installing Platforms

23.4. Configuring the CLI

23.5. Creating Sketches

23.6. Selecting a Board

23.7. Compiling Sketches

23.8. Uploading Sketches

23.9. Getting Help

23.10. Serial Usage23.11. Finally

Part 5 - About the ATMega328P

24. ATmega328P Fuses

24.1. Low Fuse Bits

24.2. Low Fuse Factory Default

24.3. Arduino Low Fuse Settings

24.4. High Fuse Bits

24.5. High Fuse Factory Default

24.6. Arduino High Fuse Settings

24.7. Extended Fuse Bits

24.8. Extended Fuse Factory Default

24.9. Arduino Extended Fuse Settings

25. Brown Out Detection

26. The Watchdog Timer

26.1. WDT Modes of Operation26.2. Amended Sketch setup() function

26.3. WDT Reset

26.4. The WDT Control Register

26.5. Enabling the WDT

26.6. Setting the WDT Timeout Period

26.7. Disabling the WDT

27. The Analogue Comparator

27.1. Reference Voltage

27.2. Sampled Voltage

27.3. Digital Input

27.4. Enable the Analogue Comparator

27.5. Select Reference Voltage Source

27.6. Select Sampled Voltage Source Pin

27.7. Sampled Voltage Summary

27.8. Comparator Outputs

27.9. Comparator Example

28. Timer/Counters

28.1. Timer/Counter 0 (8 bits)

28.2. Timer/Counter 1 (8, 9, 10 and/or 16 bits)

28.3. Timer/Counter 2 (8 bits)

28.4. Timer/Counter Clock Sources

28.5. Timer/Counter Operating Modes

28.6. PWM Modes - Duty Cycle

28.7. Too Much to Remember? Try AVRAssist

29. Counting

29.1. Setting External Counting

29.2. Example Sketch

30. Timer 1 Input Capture Unit

31. Putting the AVR to Sleep

31.1. Sleep Modes 239

31.2. Analogue Comparator 246

32. Power Reduction

32.1. Power Consumption

32.2. Power Reduction Register

32.3. Saving Arduino Power

32.4. The Power Functions

33. Analogue to Digital Converter (ADC)

33.1. ADC Setup and Initiation

33.2. Noise Reduction

33.3. Temperature Measurement

33.4. ADC Example

34. USART

34.1. Baud Rates

34.2. What is a Frame?

34.3. Parity

34.4. Interrupts

34.5. Initialising the USART

34.6. USART Checks

34.7. USART Example

Appendices