Computer und IT

Handbook on Interactive Storytelling

HANDBOOK ON INTERACTIVE STORYTELLINGDISCOVER THE LATEST RESEARCH ON CRAFTING COMPELLING NARRATIVES IN INTERACTIVE ENTERTAINMENTElectronic games are no longer considered “mere fluff” alongside the “real” forms of entertainment, like film, music, and television. Instead, many games have evolved into an art form in their own right, including carefully constructed stories and engaging narratives enjoyed by millions of people around the world. In Handbook on Interactive Storytelling, readers will find a comprehensive discussion of the latest research covering the creation of interactive narratives that allow users to experience a dramatically compelling story that responds directly to their actions and choices. Systematically organized, with extensive bibliographies and academic exercises included in each chapter, the book offers readers new perspectives on existing research and fresh avenues ripe for further study. In-depth case studies explore the challenges involved in crafting a narrative that comprises one of the main features of the gaming experience, regardless of the technical aspects of a game’s production. Readers will also enjoy:* A thorough introduction to interactive storytelling, including discussions of narrative, plot, story, interaction, and a history of the phenomenon, from improvisational theory to role-playing games* A rigorous discussion of the background of storytelling, from Aristotle’s Poetics to Joseph Campbell and the hero’s journey* Compelling explorations of different perspectives in the interactive storytelling space, including different platforms, designers, and interactors, as well as an explanation of storyworldsPerfect for game designers, developers, game and narrative researchers, academics, undergraduate and graduate students studying storytelling, game design, gamification, and multimedia systems, Handbook on Interactive Storytelling is an indispensable resource for anyone interested in the deployment of compelling narratives in an interactive context. JOUNI SMED, PHD, holds his doctorate in Computer Science. He has twenty years of experience in the game development, from algorithms and networking in multiplayer games to game software construction, design, and interactive storytelling.TOMI 'BGT' SUOVUO focuses on the virtual barrier in mediated interaction, particularly between multiple users. He has taught Principles of Interaction Design for four years.NATASHA SKULT is an active member of the Finnish and international game developers community as the Chairperson of IGDA and founder of Hive – Turku Game Hub.PETTER SKULT, PHD, obtained his doctorate in 2019 in English language and literature from Åbo Akademi University. He is a game designer and writer.List of Figures ixList of Tables xiiiPreface xvAcknowledgements xvii1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 Interactive Storytelling 31.1.1 Partakers 51.1.2 Narrative, Plot, and Story 61.1.3 Interaction 81.2 History of Interactive Storytelling 101.2.1 Theatre 111.2.2 Multicursal Literature 121.3 Role-playing Games 131.3.1 Hypertext Fiction 141.3.2 Webisodics 141.3.3 Interactive Cinema 151.3.4 Television 171.3.5 Games 171.3.5.1 Interactive Fiction 181.3.5.2 Digital Games 191.4 Summary 21Exercises 222 BACKGROUND 252.1 Analysis of Storytelling 252.1.1 Aristotle's Poetics 252.1.1.1 Elements of Tragedy 262.1.1.2 Narrative Forms 272.1.1.3 Dramatic Arc 272.1.2 Visual Storytelling 292.1.2.1 Semiotics 302.1.2.2 Work of Art 312.1.2.3 Video Games as Visual Art 312.1.3 Structuralism 332.1.3.1 Propp's Morphology of Russian Folktales 332.1.3.2 Colby's Grammar of Alaska Natives' Folktales 352.1.3.3 Story Grammars 372.1.4 Joseph Campbell and the Hero's Journey 412.1.5 Kernels and Satellites 422.2 Research on Interactive Storytelling 442.2.1 Brenda Laurel and Interactive Drama 462.2.2 Janet Murray and the Cyberbard 472.2.3 Models for Interactive Storytelling 482.2.4 Narrative Paradox and Other Research Challenges 492.2.4.1 Platform 522.2.4.2 Designer 522.2.4.3 Interactors 532.2.4.4 Storyworld 532.2.4.5 Terminology 532.3 Summary 54Exercises 543 PLATFORM 573.1 Software Development 583.1.1 Model-View-Controller 593.1.2 Interactor's Interface 613.1.3 Designer's Interface 633.1.4 Modding 633.2 Solving the Narrative Paradox 653.2.1 Author-centric Approach 663.2.2 Character-centric Approach 683.2.3 Hybrid Approach 693.3 Implementations 713.3.1 Pioneering Storytelling Systems 713.3.2 Crawford's IDS Systems 733.3.3 Stern's and Mateas's Façade 743.3.4 Experimental Systems 753.3.5 Other Systems 763.4 Summary 77Exercises 784 DESIGNER 814.1 Storyworld Types 824.1.1 Linear Storyworlds 834.1.2 Branching Storyworlds 844.1.3 Open Storyworlds 874.2 Design Process and Tools 894.2.1 Concepting the Storyworld 904.2.1.1 Character Design 924.2.1.2 Plot Composition 934.2.1.3 Adapting Material from Other Media 944.2.1.4 Transmedia Design 954.2.1.5 Adams' Template for Requirements Specifications 964.2.2 Iterative Design Process 974.2.3 Evaluating Interactive Stories 984.3 Relationship with the Interactor 1004.3.1 Focalization 1004.3.2 Story as Message 1014.4 Summary 103Exercises 1035 INTERACTOR 1075.1 Experiencing an Interactive Story 1085.1.1 Onboarding -- From Amnesia to Awareness 1095.1.2 Supporting the Journey 1105.1.3 Is There an End? 1115.1.4 Re-experiencing an Interactive Story 1125.2 Agency 1135.2.1 Theoretical and Perceived Agency 1145.2.2 Local and Global Agency 1155.2.3 Invisible Agency 1155.2.4 Limited Agency and No Agency 1165.2.5 Illusion of Agency 1165.3 Immersion 1175.3.1 Immersion Types 1175.3.2 Models for Immersion 1185.3.3 Flow 1195.4 Transformation 1205.5 Interactor Types 1215.5.1 Top-down Analysis 1225.5.2 Bottom-up Analysis 1245.5.3 Discussion 1255.6 Summary 126Exercises 1266 STORYWORLD 1316.1 Characters 1326.1.1 Perception 1336.1.2 Memory 1336.1.3 Personality 1356.1.4 Decision-making 1386.2 Elemental Building Blocks 1416.2.1 Props 1416.2.1.1 Schrödinger's Gun 1426.2.1.2 Internal Economy 1436.2.2 Scenes 1446.2.3 Events 1446.3 Representation 1456.3.1 Visual 1476.3.2 Audio 1486.3.2.1 Diegetic 1486.3.2.2 Non-diegetic 1496.4 Summary 150Exercises 1517 PERSPECTIVES 1537.1 Multiple Interactors 1537.1.1 Multiple Focus 1537.1.2 Persistence 1547.2 Extended Reality 1557.2.1 Visual Considerations 1557.2.2 Developing a Language of Expression 1577.3 Streaming Media 1577.3.1 Problems 1577.3.2 Solution Proposals 1597.4 Other Technological Prospects 1607.4.1 Voice Recognition 1607.4.2 Locating 1607.4.3 Artificial Intelligence 1617.5 Ethical Considerations 1627.5.1 Platform 1637.5.2 Designer 1637.5.3 Interactor 1647.5.4 Storyworld 1647.6 Summary 165Exercises 165Bibliography 169Ludography 187Index 191

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